Study on content of hydrophilic silica from rice husk in reinforced deproteinized natural rubber materials
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56764/hpu2.jos.2025.4.03.51-63Abstract
The environment is an area of global concern that the whole world is concerned about, especially issues such as global warming and the depletion of natural resources. Scientists have made efforts to overcome these negative impacts. Not out of this trend, the polymer material science is one of the major fields that emits a lot of greenhouse gases. In this study, we focus on improving the mechanical properties, include: Hardness, tensile strength, elongation.... There are two components: first, the matrix part is made from rubber. The disadvantage of synthetic rubber is that it is difficult to biodegrade, but natural rubber is available. In addition, the filler mainly used is carbon black, a product derived from petroleum. This filler is mainly derived from petroleum, it is not a finite resource to be used sustainably, so an alternative filler is needed. In this study, we use deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) instead of synthetic rubber for the purpose of being environmentally friendly and increasing the service life and silica filler, which is thermally inert and derived from the ash after combustion of rice husk. The current research is called hydrophilic silica from rice husk (Hi-Silica). The Hi-Silica ratio was examined from about 0 to 70 parts per hundred rubber (phr). The results showed that Hi-Silica at 40 phr of rubber gave the best durability through mechanical property tests and has stability at high temperatures.
References
[1] Y.-C. Wei, J.-H. Xia, L. Zhang, T.-T. Zheng, and S. Liao, “Influence of non-rubber components on film formation behavior of natural rubber latex,” Colloid and Polymer Science, vol. 298, pp. 1263–1271, 2020. doi: 10.1007/s00396-020-04703-7.
[2] B. C. Dang Viet Hung, Nguyen Pham Duy Linh, Rubber materials technology and engineering volume 1. 2021. Hanoi University of Science and Technology Publishing House, 2021, ISBN: 978-604-950-995-7.
[3] Y. Yamamoto, P. T. Nghia, W. Klinklai, T. Saito, and S. Kawahara, “Removal of proteins from natural rubber with urea and its application to continuous processes,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 2329–2332, 2008, doi: 10.1002/app.27236.
[4] I. P. Mahendra et al., “Protein removal from natural rubber latex with Fe 3 O 4@ Al 2 O 3 nanoparticle,”Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, vol. 32, pp. 320–328, 2021, doi: 10.21577/0103-5053.20200182.
[5] N. Tangboriboon, P. Phudkrachang, R. Kunanuruksapong, and A. Sirivat, “Removing extractable proteins in natural rubber latex by calcium chloride from chicken eggshells,” Rubber chemistry and technology, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 543–564, 2021, doi: 10.21577/0103-5053.20200182.
[6] F. W. Perrella and A. A. Gaspari, “Natural rubber latex protein reduction with an emphasis on enzyme treatment,” Methods, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 77–86, 2002, doi: 10.1016/S1046-2023(02)00055-5.
[7] S. Prasertkittikul, Y. Chisti, and N. Hansupalak, “Deproteinization of natural rubber using protease immobilized on epichlorohydrin cross-linked chitosan beads,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 52, no. 33, pp. 11723–11731, 2013, doi: 10.1021/ie400232r.
[8] O. Chaikumpollert, Y. Yamamoto, K. Suchiva, P. T. Nghia, and S. Kawahara, “Preparation and characterization of protein‐free natural rubber,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 825–828, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s00396-011-2549-y.
[9] O. Chaikumpollert, Y. Yamamoto, K. Suchiva, and S. Kawahara, “Protein-free natural rubber,” Colloid and Polymer Science, vol. 290, pp. 331–338, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s00396-011-2549-y.
[10] Y. Wang et al., “Effect of Proteins on the Vulcanized Natural Rubber Crosslinking Network Structure and Mechanical Properties,” Polymers, vol. 16, no. 21, p. 2957, 2024, doi: 10.3390/polym16212957.
[11] D. K. Rajak, D. D. Pagar, R. Kumar, and C. I. Pruncu, “Recent progress of reinforcement materials: a comprehensive overview of composite materials,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 6354–6374, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.068.
[12] N. H. Tinh, “Analysis of factors affecting Vietnam's rice export turnover,” Can Tho University Science Journal, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 224–234, 2024, doi: 10.22144/ctujos.2024.248.
[13] A. Damanhuri, A. Lubis, A. Hariri, S. Herawan, M. Roslan, and M. Hussin, “Mechanical properties of rice husk ash (RHA) brick as partial replacement of clay,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1529, no. 4: IOP Publishing, p. 042034, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1529/4/042034.
[14] N. Choophun, N. Chaiammart, K. Sukthavon, C. Veranitisagul, A. Laobuthee, A. Watthanaphanit, and G. Panomsuwan, “Natural rubber composites reinforced with green silica from rice husk: effect of filler loading on mechanical properties,” Journal of Composites Science, vol. 6, no. 12, p. 369, 2022, doi: 10.3390/jcs6120369.
[15] M. Lolage, P. Parida, M. Chaskar, A. Gupta, and D. Rautaray, “Green Silica: Industrially scalable & sustainable approach towards achieving improved “nano filler–Elastomer” interaction and reinforcement in tire tread compounds,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 26, p. e00232, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00232.
[16] H. Da Costa, L. Visconte, R. Nunes, and C. Furtado, “The effect of coupling agent and chemical treatment on rice husk ash‐filled natural rubber composites,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 76, no. 7, pp. 1019–1027, 2000, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000516)76:7<1019::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-%23.
[17] H. Costa, L. Visconte, R. Nunes, and C. Furtado, “Rice husk ash filled natural rubber compounds–the use of rheometric data to qualitatively estimate optimum filler loading,” International Journal of Polymeric Materials, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 475–497, 2004, doi: 10.1080/00914030490450100.
[18] K. Sae‐heng, T. Kanya, N. Choothong, K. Kosugi, W. Ariyawiriyanan, and S. Kawahara, “Latex‐state NMR spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of epoxidized deproteinized natural rubber,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1156–1161, 2017, doi: 10.1002/pat.4008.
[19] Y. Yamamoto, S. N. B. Norulhuda, P. T. Nghia, and S. Kawahara, “Thermal degradation of deproteinized natural rubber,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 156, pp. 144–150, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.003.
[20] N. T. Thuong, P. T. Nghia, and S. Kawahara, “Removal of proteins and its effect on molecular structure and properties of natural rubber,” J Sci Technol-Eng Technol Sustain Dev, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 008–015, 2022. doi: 10.51316/jst.157.etsd.2022.32.2.2, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.05.052.
[21] D. An, Y. Guo, Y. Zhu, and Z. Wang, “A green route to preparation of silica powders with rice husk ash and waste gas,”Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 162, no. 2, pp. 509–514, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.05.052.
[22] Y. Liu et al., "A sustainable route for the preparation of activated carbon and silica from rice husk ash,” Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 186, no. 2-3, pp. 1314–1319, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.007.
[23] N. D. Hegde and A. V. Rao, “Organic modification of TEOS based silica aerogels using hexadecyltrimethoxysilane as a hydrophobic reagent,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 253, no. 3, pp. 1566-1572, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.02.036.
[24] S. Prasertsri and N. Rattanasom, “Mechanical and damping properties of silica/natural rubber composites prepared from latex system,” Polymer Testing, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 515–526, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.04.001.
[25] S. Prasertsri and N. Rattanasom, “Fumed and precipitated silica reinforced natural rubber composites prepared from latex system: Mechanical and dynamic properties,”Polymer Testing, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 593–605, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.04.001.
[26] E. Phumnok, P. Khongprom, and S. Ratanawilai, “Preparation of natural rubber composites with high silica contents using a wet mixing process,” ACS omega, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 8364–8376, 2022, doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05848.
[27] L. B. Tunnicliffe and J. J. Busfield, “Reinforcement of rubber and filler network dynamics at small strains,”Designing of elastomer nanocomposites: From theory to applications, pp. 71–102, 2016, doi: 10.1007/12_2016_7.
[28] L. Jong, “Improved mechanical properties of silica reinforced rubber with natural polymer,” Polymer Testing, vol. 79, p. 106009, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106009.
[29] S. K. De and J. R. White, Rubber technologist's handbook. iSmithers Rapra Publishing, 2001, ISBN: 1-85957-262-6.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Volume and Issue
Section
Copyright and License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dai-Luat Tran, Manh-Thanh Tran, Thi-Hang Le, Van-Hoang Nguyen, Thanh-Binh Bui Thi, Nhat-Trang Nguyen, Hong-Nhung Le Thi, Trung-Nghia Phan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
