Using coconut water for polyphenol extraction from Artocarpus altilis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56764/hpu2.jos.2026.5.01.87-97Abstract
This study investigates the potential of coconut water for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from the leaves and branches of Artocarpus altilis. The objective is to identify a green and clean solvent as an alternative to environmentally harmful organic solvents. Two extraction methods were used: hot extraction (reflux) and cold extraction (maceration), with three types of coconut water (Malaysian dwaft, green Siamese, and strawberry coconuts) employed as solvents. The results indicated that the total polyphenol content in the extracts obtained with coconut water and an acetate buffer (pH 3.6) was higher than that of aqueous extracts (18.8–48.0 and 15–28.0 mg GAE/g, respectively). Furthermore, 6/24 extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with IC50 values below 50 µg/mL in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Based on MPI (mobile phase performance index) values, the optimal solvent system identified was a combination of Malaysian dwarf or strawberry coconut water with a 0.5 M acetate buffer (pH 3.6) at a 1:1 ratio, which yielded high polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity from A. altilis leaves and branches.
References
[1] J. Chen, J. Yang, L. Ma, J. Li, N. Shahzad, and C. K. Kim, “Structure-antioxidant activity relationship of methoxy, phenolic hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid groups of phenolic acids,” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 1, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59451-z.
[2] M. Ali et al., “Anti-arthritic and anti-cancer activities of polyphenols: A review of the most recent in vitro assays,” Life, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 361, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/life13020361.
[3] F. C. Beveridge, S. Kalaipandian, C. Yang, and S. W. Adkins, “Fruit Biology of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.),” Plants , vol. 11, no. 23, p. 3293, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.3390/plants11233293.
[4] T. T. K. Ngan et al., “Application of coconut oil from Ben Tre Province (Vietnam) as the main detergent for body wash products,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 959, no. 1, p. 012025, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/959/1/012025.
[5] K. Kaur, N. Chhikara, P. Sharma, M. K. Garg, and A. Panghal, “Coconut meal: Nutraceutical importance and food industry application,” Foods and Raw Materials, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 419–427, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.21603/2308-4057-2019-2-419-427.
[6] R. S. Cahyadi, N. Rostarina, A. Achirman, and G. E. Ramadhan, “The effect of young Coconut water on blood pressure in middle-aged adults (45–59 Years) with hypertension in RT005/RW012, Taman Mangu Indah residential area, South Tangerang,” Jurnal Kesehatan dan Kedokteran, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 214–229, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.56127/jukeke.v5i1.2517.
[7] C. Makerri, P. Moser, F. Chemat, and S. Perino, “US10981084B2 - Use of coconut water as extraction solvent,” Apr. 2021, https://patents.google.com/patent/US10981084B2/en (accessed Apr. 09, 2026).
[8] N. T. T. Mai, N. X. Hai, D. H. Phu, P. N. H. Trong, and N. T. Nhan, “Three new geranyl aurones from the leaves of Artocarpus altilis,” Phytochemistry Letters, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 647–650, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2012.06.014.
[9] Syamsurizal, A. Samadi, S. Tanoeyadi, M. Amin, L. E. Skala, and T. Mahmud, “Semisynthesis and biological activities of derivatives of cyclocommunol from Artocarpus altilis fruit peel,” Natural Product Research, pp. 1–8, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.1080/14786419.2025.2472277.
[10] S. O. Dada, G. C. Ehie, O. A. Osukoya, S. O. Anadozie, O. B. Adewale, and A. Kuku, “In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (seedless breadfruit) fruit pulp protein hydrolysates,” Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28684-z.
[11] L. Y. Leng, N. binti Nadzri, K. C. Yee, N. binti Abdul Razak, and A. R. Shaari, “Antioxidant and total phenolic content of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) leaves,” MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 150, no. 1, p. 06007, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201815006007.
[12] M. S. Sikarwar, B. J. Hui, K. Subramaniam, B. D. Valeisamy, L. K. Yean, and K. Balaji, “Antioxidant activity of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg leaves,” Free Radicals and Antioxidants, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 33–39, Nov. 2014, doi: 10.5530/fra.2014.2.7.
[13] D. Marinova, M. McAleer, and D. Slottje, “Antitrust environment and innovation,” Scientometrics, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 301–311, Aug. 2005, doi: 10.1007/s11192-005-0252-9.
[14] S. Baliyan et al., “Determination of antioxidants by DPPH radical scavenging activity and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Ficus religiosa,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 1326, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/molecules27041326.
[15] D. Bergs, J. L. Merz, A. Delp, Matthias Joehnck, G. Martin, and Gerhard Schembecker, “A standard procedure for the selection of solvents for natural plant extraction in the early stages of process development,” Chemical Engineering & Technology, vol. 36, no. 10, p. 1739–1748, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1002/ceat.201300276.
[16] A. Antony and M. Farid, “Effect of temperatures on polyphenols during extraction,” Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 2107, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/app12042107.
[17] N. Ruenroengklin, J. Zhong, X. Duan, B. Yang, J. Li, and Y. Jiang, “Effects of various temperatures and pH values on the extraction yield of phenolics from Litchi fruit pericarp tissue and the antioxidant activity of the extracted anthocyanins,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1333–1341, Jul. 2008, doi: 10.3390/ijms9071333.
[18] N. Jusoh, M. B. Rosly, N. Othman, H. A. Rahman, N. F. M. Noah, and R. N. R. Sulaiman, “Selective extraction and recovery of polyphenols from palm oil mill sterilization condensate using emulsion liquid membrane process,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 27, no. 18, pp. 23246–23257, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-07972-5.
[19] J. C. Carmona-Hernandez, G. Taborda-Ocampo, and C. H. González-Correa, “Folin-Ciocalteu reaction alternatives for higher polyphenol quantitation in colombian Passion fruits,” International Journal of Food Science, vol. 2021, pp. 1–10, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/8871301.
[20] P. H. Dang et al., “A new β-carboline-type alkaloid from the flowers of Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton,” Natural Product Research, vol. 38, no. 17, pp. 3004–3012, May 2023, doi: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2208259.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Volume and Issue
Section
Copyright and License
Copyright (c) 2026 Tu-Hoai Tran, Nhan-Trung Nguyen, Phu-Hoang Dang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
